Mine is probably going to vary from others based mainly on the fact that my kids have food allergies. Typical things for us:
1) Pasta - with a little butter, or some red sauce, or a homemade alfredo sauce. Almost always with some Parmesan cheese.
2) Chicken - cutlets (covered with bread crumbs, cooked in a small amount of oil), straight grilled chicken in just a little oil, or BBQ chicken from the oven or grill
3) Red meat/Ground Turkey - either as burgers or ground up meat to be used in tacos or mixed in with pasta or some other dish. The kids just take the chunks and dip it in ketchup - Ground turkey is usually healthier, cheaper, and tastes better depending on how you cook it or what you add it to
4) Shrimp - usually just fried up in some butter or marinated and tossed in a skillet. This is a super quick meal.
5) Fish - usually talapia
6) Chili - we got a great veggie chili recipe but we usually add red meat or ground turkey
7) Rice - white/spanish
8) Veggies - the kids like broccoli/carrots
9) Some sort of bean - I usually go for peas/lima beans but we also eat green beans, chick peas, black beans, etc.
My wife cooks most of the time in our house but I usually do the cooking on the weekends. I agree with the other people that have said you're desensitized due to the amount of sodium and stuff in the food you eat out. It can be a huge adjustment to switch to making your own food and enjoying it but a lot of it also depends on the way you cook stuff (spices, etc.) and the methods you use to cook it.
As for budgets, we run between 600 and 800/month for groceries, but that also includes BJs (similar to costco) so that includes things like toiletries and other things that are not food. It's hard to separate that stuff out. I rarely eat out at work anymore, maybe 2-3 times/month and we have a budget of about $80 for restaurants per month.